Hematological cancers comprise 10-15% of all cancers. They occur due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal blood cells. Leukemia, MDS, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma are related to inherited genetic factors. Evidence also suggests the association between viral infection and the development of lymphoma. Epstein-Barr virus is known to cause African Burkitt lymphoma and increases the risk of both Hodgkin disease and follicular lymphoma. Hepatitis B and C infections increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is even higher in patients with concomitant HIV infection. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 can cause T-cell leukemia or lymphoma.

Hematological Factors and Risks

Bone marrow is a radiosensitive organ, and evidence links Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) to moderate-to-high doses (>0.5 sievert) of ionizing radiation. There exists a risk of deferred leukemia following radiation exposure in childhood. Low-dose exposure usually results from natural background radiation, diagnostic medical tests, or occupational exposure. Diagnostic tools such as CT scans are a source of low-dose radiation, which subsequently increases the risk of leukemia.

The common hematological cancer symptoms include unexpected weight loss, fatigue, anemia, unusual bleeding or bruising, fever or chills, bone and joint pain, frequent infections, and swelling of lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Infectious complications are a major concern among these cancers, contributing to morbidity and mortality.

The prevention of hematological neoplasms focuses on exposure to industrial (benzene, formaldehyde) and environmental (pesticides) toxins, as well as exposure to radiation. Others include vaccination against Hepatitis B and Human papillomavirus (HPV) and safe sexual practices. Key recommendations for cancer prevention include avoiding tobacco and alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, managing stress, and ensuring quality sleep.

Due to low awareness of symptoms, patients often seek hospital care at an advanced stage, lowering their chances of a cure and recovery. Behavior change campaigns should enable a change in attitude towards the prevention, screening, and early detection of hematological malignancies. At Sammprada, we conduct awareness campaigns regarding the relevant clinical symptoms and recommend regular cancer screening procedures and physician consultations at leading hematology hospitals in Bangalore.

For those seeking hematology treatment in Bangalore, it is essential to consult with specialized healthcare providers who offer state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic options.

Reference:

1. Kaye D, Isidori A. Current challenges in hematology: Awareness, Prevention, Equity. Front Oncol 2021;11.